Human Dominance Hierarchies
See also: Displacement
As anger is so hazardous, we often find other ways to vent it, displaced
either in time or location. For example a person who is frustrated at work may
be angry with their family, or perhaps will avoid this by going for a run
immediately when they get home. * Human Asymmetry Emotional Habits Searching Google for "emotion" located 157,000,000 references: https://www.google.com/search?q=emotion&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8 Emotion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion Contents
Emotions - Changing Minds http://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/emotions.htm Emotions are our feelings. Literally. We feel them in our bodies as tingles, hot spots and muscular tension. There are cognitive aspects, but the physical sensation is what makes them really different. Articles on emotion include:
A basic of much emotional arousal is that there is a goal at stake somewhere. Our emotions thus cause us to want and not want. And when we have what we wanted, we then have emotions about owning it.
Some emotions are discussed in more detail here:
Listening to Anger: How to hear it helpfully. Displacement is a huge source of continued human strife, as we pass on our anger to other people, who do likewise. Theories about emotion, Using Body Language, Plutchik's Ten Postulates, Pressing Buttons, Attention and Emotion What Are the 6 Major Theories of Emotion? https://www.verywell.com/theories-of-emotion-2795717 "What Is Emotion? In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation. According to author David G. Meyers, human emotion involves "...physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience." Theories of Emotion The major theories of motivation can be grouped into three main categories: physiological, neurological, and cognitive. Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are responsible for emotions. Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. Finally, cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity play an essential role in forming emotions. Evolutionary Theory of Emotion It was naturalist Charles Darwin who proposed that emotions evolved because they were adaptive and allowed humans and animals to survive and reproduce. Feelings of love and affection lead people to seek mates and reproduce. Feelings of fear compel people to either fight or flee the source of danger. According to the evolutionary theory of emotion, our emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role. Emotions motivate people to respond quickly to stimuli in the environment, which helps improve the chances of success and survival. Understanding the emotions of other people and animals also plays a crucial role in safety and survival. If you encounter a hissing, spitting, and clawing animal, chances are you will quickly realize that the animal is frightened or defensive and leave it alone. By being able to interpret correctly the emotional displays of other people and animals, you can respond correctly and avoid danger. The James-Lange Theory of Emotion The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. This theory suggests that when you see an external stimulus that leads to a physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret those physical reactions. For example, suppose you are walking in the woods and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened ("I am trembling. Therefore, I am afraid"). According to this theory of emotion, you are not trembling because you are frightened. Instead, you feel frightened because you are trembling. The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Walter Cannon disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion on several different grounds. First, he suggested, people can experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling those emotions. For example, your heart might race because you have been exercising and not because you are afraid. Cannon also suggested that emotional responses occur much too quickly for them to be simply products of physical states. When you encounter a danger in the environment, you will often feel afraid before you start to experience the physical symptoms associated with fear such as shaking hands, rapid breathing, and a racing heart. Cannon first proposed his theory in the 1920s and his work was later expanded on by physiologist Philip Bard during the 1930s. According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously. More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. At the same time, the brain also receives signals triggering the emotional experience. Cannon and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other. Schachter-Singer Theory Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer Theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion. This theory suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion. Schachter and Singer’s theory draws on both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Like the James-Lange theory, the Schachter-Singer theory proposes that people do infer emotions based on physiological responses. The critical factor is the situation and the cognitive interpretation that people use to label that emotion. Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schachter-Singer theory also suggests that similar physiological responses can produce varying emotions. For example, if you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an important math exam, you will probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical responses on a date with your significant other, you might interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal. Cognitive Appraisal Theory According to appraisal theories of emotion, thinking must occur first before experiencing emotion. Richard Lazarus was a pioneer in this area of emotion, and this theory is often referred to as the Lazarus theory of emotion. According to this theory, the sequence of events first involves a stimulus, followed by thought which then leads to the simultaneous experience of a physiological response and the emotion. For example, if you encounter a bear in the woods, you might immediately begin to think that you are in great danger. This then leads to the emotional experience of fear and the physical reactions associated with the fight-or-flight response. Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion The facial-feedback theory of emotions suggests that facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions. Charles Darwin and William James both noted early on that sometimes physiological responses often had a direct impact on emotion, rather than simply being a consequence of the emotion. Supporters of this theory suggest that emotions are directly tied to changes in facial muscles. For example, people who are forced to smile pleasantly at a social function will have a better time at the event than they would if they had frowned or carried a more neutral facial expression." Searching PubMed for "emotion" located 231,567 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion Searching PubMed for "emotion physiology" located 70,655 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion+physiology Searching PubMed for "emotion neurology" located 4.496 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion+neurology Searching PubMed for "emotion endocrinology" located, at first, 667 and then 670 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion+endocrinology Searching PubMed for "emotion oxytocin" located 822 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion+oxytocin Searching PubMed for "emotion testosterone" located 833 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion+testosterone Searching PubMed for "emotion estrogen" located 1,262 references: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=emotion+estrogen Starting with the smallest set of references: Searching PubMed for "emotion endocrinology" located, at first, 667, and then 670 references: I've put an asterisk next to the year of those references to which I wish to return. * NOTE: 15 references were marked with asterisks. One was marked with two.
1989 655<667
Effects of l-tryptophan and various diets on behavioral functions in essential hypertensives
1989 652<667
Mood cyclicity in women with an without the premenstrual syndrome.
* 1992 648<667
The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538563
15 Similar articles: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=1538563 1992 645<670
Neuropsychiatric effects of anabolic steroids in male normal volunteers.
* 1995 631<670
Neuroendocrinology and pathophysiology of the stress system.
1996 628<670
Prenatal psychosocial factors and the neuroendocrine axis in human pregnancy.
* 1997 619<670
Central oxytocin administration reduces stress-induced corticosterone release and anxiety behavior in rats.
1997 618<670
Psychological distress in patients with hyperprolactinaemia
1998 616<670
Emotional aspects of hyperprolactinemia.
1998 610<670
Estrogen-serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation.
1998 609<670
Roles of estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in reproduction-related behaviors in female mice.
1999 606<670
Effects of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism.
* 1999 605<670
Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of midlife dysthymia.
1999 603>670
Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin, mood, and cognition in multiple sclerosis.
2000 595<670
Serum concentrations of some neuroactive steroids in women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder.
2000 594>670
Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison's disease in a randomized, double blind trial.
* 2001 593<670
Prenatal glucocorticoid programming of brain corticosteroid receptors and corticotrophin-releasing hormone: possible implications for behaviour.
2002 579<670
Depression and anxiety in hyperthyroidism.
2003 574<670
Neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of high-dose anabolic steroid administration in male normal volunteers.
2003 573<670
Children with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia have decreased amygdala volume: potential prenatal and postnatal hormonal effects.
Interesting.
2003 572<670
Female oxytocin-deficient mice display enhanced anxiety-related behavior.
* 2003 561<670
Stress integration after acute and chronic predator stress: differential activation of central stress circuitry and sensitization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. 2004 559<670 Free full text
Psychological functioning after growth hormone therapy in adult growth hormone deficient patients: endocrine and body composition correlates.
2005 522<670
Modulation of anxiety circuits by serotonergic systems.
2006 513>670 Gonadal steroid modulation of stress-induced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity and anxiety behavior: role of central oxytocin. * 2006 512<670 Exposure to repetitive versus varied stress during prenatal development generates two distinct anxiogenic and neuroendocrine profiles in adulthood 2006 509<670 Altered coordination of the neuroendocrine response during psychosocial stress in subjects with high trait anxiety 2006 508<670 Psychological well-being correlates with free thyroxine but not free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels in patients on thyroid hormone replacement. * 2008 452<670 Free PMC Article A novel mouse model for acute and long-lasting consequences of early life stress. 2008 451<670 Endocrine factors in stress and psychiatric disorders: focus on anxiety and salivary steroids. The endocrinology of exclusion: rejection elicits motivationally tuned changes in progesterone. * 2010 393<670 Free PMC Article The neuroendocrinology of primate maternal behavior. 2011 385<670 Epigenetic mechanisms in stress and adaptation. 2011 384<670 Ghrelin and food reward: the story of potential underlying substrates. * 2013 343<670 Winning isn't everything: mood and testosterone regulate the cortisol response in competition. 2013 315<670 Smaller grey matter volumes in the anterior cingulate cortex and greater cerebellar volumes in patients with long-term remission of Cushing's disease. 2014 290<670 Testosterone reactivity to facial display of emotions in men and women. * 2014 230<670 The neuroendocrinology of social isolation. 2015 211<670 Increased testosterone levels and cortisol awakening responses in patients with borderline personality disorder: gender and trait aggressiveness ma... 2016 206<670 Thyroid hormone: Influences on mood and cognition in adults. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25896972 * 2015 199<670 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) and emotional processing https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26122298 2015 187<670 Adult attachment style is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability in humans. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046928 Searching PubMed for "emotion endocrinology" now locates 785 references I found: 2015 187<670 Adult attachment style is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability in humans. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046928 has now become: Thyroid hormone: Influences on mood and cognition in adults. PMID:25896972 Similar articles Adult attachment style is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability in humans. PMID:26046928 Similar articles 2017 120<785 Loss of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone markedly reduces anxiety behaviors in mice. PMID:27595593 Free PMC Article Similar articles 2017 112<785 Thyroid hormones and learning-associated neuroplasticity. PMID:28390960 Similar articles 2017 99<785 Central administration of ghrelin induces conditioned avoidance in rodents. 2017 94<785 Feeding Releases Endogenous Opioids in Humans. PMID:28747384 Free Article Similar articles No abstract available. PMID:28911180 Similar articles ** 2018 59<785 The Role of Neurohypophyseal Hormones Vasopressin and Oxytocin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. PMID:29468985 Similar articles * 2018 40<785 PMID:29620636 Free PMC Article Similar articles * 2018 38<785 Ultradian rhythmicity of plasma cortisol is necessary for normal emotional and cognitive responses in man. PMID:29632168 Free Article Similar articles Neural pathways of maternal responding: systematic review and meta-analysis. Review. PMID:29987638 Similar articles Related References: Cushing's disease - Wikipedia
Emotion: CotA
181206 - 1709 |
Table of Contents >